Morphine Sulfate-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify the opioid receptors, provide locations in the body and the effects of triggering them. 2.Explain the way in which morphine sulfate acts as an analgesic include receptor binding and the cellular events. 3.Morphine sulfate has some listed adverse effects. For example, outline how this may occur. Answers: 1.Opioid receptors are the collection of G protein with various opioids acting as ligands. Ideally, there is the broad distribution of Opioid receptors in the brain and other parts of the body such as digestive tract and spinal cord. The composition of opioid receptors is; - (MOP), - (DOP), -opioid and nociceptin (NOP). The information described above is provided in tabular form as follows; It is important to note that most receptors derived their names from the first ligands that were binding them. The above case is evident in the (kappa) receptors from which Morphine was chemically bound to it. The researchers indicate that opioid receptor is very crucial in the brain such that the activation of DOR protects the neurons in the brain and its hindrance results to injuries on neurons (Gordon Oregon State University, 2016). It is ideal to state that opioid receptor also exists in other parts of the body such as heart, liver and reproductive tracts. However, their distribution significantly varies according to those parts of the body. 2.Morphine sulfate is widely used in relieving pain and as such being very useful in severe cases of pain. Morphine sulfate is administered through different ways such as rectally, orally, intravenously and through the injection on the spinal cord. It is used as a potent analgesic in the body where it directly acts on the central nervous system and thereby relieving the severe pain in the system (Madison University of Houston--Clear Lake, 2016). The above medication may be used in doses of 100-150 mcg/kg after two hours. However, for surgery cases, the dosage squarely depends on the duration of surgery and thereby it is the prerogative of the doctor to determine the dose. 3.Constipation The effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal is exhibited in the bowel by the administering of -opioid receptors. It inhibits the emptying of gastric and thus decreasing the internal rate of transition (Madison University of Houston--Clear Lake, 2016). It is ideal to note that all these processes cause results to constipation. It is also incumbent to see that when loperamide acts on myenteric plexus, it creates the same constipating effect. Nausea and vomiting It has been observed that upon taking morphine sulfate, one may be experiencing nausea throughout and at times leading to vomiting especially if one takes something. Cough suppression Taking morphine sulfate of 5 and 10 mg twice a day suppress a chronic cough. The usage of this drug is ideal mostly when dealing with a cough however it has been observed that frequent usage of morphine reduces the breathing rate. Rash Morphine sulfate may have an itching effect to the person taking it. The situation also leads to some level of skin rashes. The situation is evident in several hours upon taking the drug. It has further been found out that the above adverse effect may be due to an individual being allergic to the drug. Euphoria The research conducted on male aged 40-49 indicated that taking of morphine sulfate caused euphoric mood on people. The state of happiness or excitement is increased by the increased dosage of morphine sulfate References Gordon, E., Oregon State University, (2016).Evaluation of Topical Application of 1% Morphine Sulfate Solution as an Analgesic on the Healthy Equine Eye. Madison, C. A., University of Houston--Clear Lake. (2016).The effect of a neuropeptide FF receptor subtype-selective compound on morphine tolerance.